The Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest (TDEF)

Each region of the world has a vegetation type that has, over countless eons, evolved as the plant community most suited to the environmental conditions of the area. The Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest (TDEF) is the indigenous forest of the coastal seaboard of Southeast India. Historically, the forest extended from Vishakapatanam to Ramanathapuram as a belt of vegetation between 30 and 50 km wide, bordered on one side by the sea and on the other side by a forest that becomes increasingly deciduous as one moves inland. It contains over 160 woody species of which around 70 are found within the pristine climax forest. This is predominantly composed of trees and shrubs that have thick dark green foliage throughout the year. There are six vegetative elements: trees, shrubs, lianas, epiphytes, herbs, and tuberous species. In the pristine state these components weave together to form a complex diverse habitat that is home to a myriad of species, such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, as well as a host of microbes.

When one includes all of the herbaceous species that grow in a variety of ecological niches within the range of the forest, the number of species approaches 1000, of which over 600 have a recorded use for mankind either medicinally, culturally or in religious rituals.

The relevance of the forest today lies both within its vast botanical wealth and also its ability to ameliorate the environmental conditions that are steadily deteriorating due to the expanding population and increase of consumer lifestyles. However, there is hardly any of this forest that remains free from human interference; the vast majority of forests in the area are little more than degraded thorny thickets, lacking the inherent nobility of the climax vegetation. It is the intention of our project is to draw attention to the TDEF and put forward the case for its conservation.

The Vegetation

The forest when in its pristine state is a tightly woven matrix of vegetation about 6m high with the occasional emergent rising above the canopy to 10 meters. The trees and shrubs of the forest exhibit many characteristics that are similar, indicating a form of convergent evolution. They are evergreen, responding to the rains with a flush of new leaves. The leaves are mostly simple, thick and waxy, with a size around 6cm by 3cm. The flowers are small- 1 cm in diameter- often white with a perfume, and the season for them is generally between February and August. The fruits are small and fleshy, ripening mainly between April and September. The habit of the trees is generally to have around two meters of clean trunk, and then to branch. In some species buttressing is found. The overall height of the trees is between 4 and 7 meters. The trees are slow growing, the wood is dense and hard, and in the main, thorns are absent although in this particular instance there are some notable exceptions.

Some of the common species exhibiting all or most of these characteristics are Atalantia monophylla, Diospyros ebenum, Drypetes sepiaria, Garcinia spicata, Glycosmis mauritiana, Ixora pavetta, Lepisanthes tetraphylla, Manilkara hexandra, Memecylon umbellatum, Syzygium cumini. Pterospermum suberifolium is also an integral part of the climax forest, but it is the common emergent, and has many different physiological features which are probably due to the environmental conditions it experiences above the canopy. Its leaves are larger and thinner, with white hairs beneath, the flowers are larger, and the seeds are wind blown.

Other important vegetative components of the forest are the climbers/liana (eg. Combretum ovalifolium, Capparis zeylanica) and also the orchids that are both epiphytic (eg. Vandia tesselata) and pseudobulbous (eg. Eulophia epidendraea). The lianas can be up to 30cm in girth and can extend over 10 or more tree canopies. They do not follow the vegetative characteristics of the trees and shrubs, and this might indicate that they are signs of disturbance. The orchids are rarely found in the forests now as these are the most vulnerable species to disturbance.

The Animals

In present times, the highly degraded state of the forest and the high human population pressure means that the larger predatory mammals can no longer be found in the region. However, it is surprising that a number of small mammals do hang on, especially in the larger reserve forests of the area. It is thought that the pangolin- the honey badger- is still to be found, and in much larger numbers the porcupine, the hedgehog, the fox and the mongoose reside in the forests. In specific areas (Point Calimere) the black buck and the chital are found, and the bonnet macaque is resident in most forests.

The reptiles of the forest include the monitor lizard, the chameleon, and other lizards, as well as 19 species of snake, including the 4 venomous species of the plains, the cobra, the krait, and the two vipers.

The bird population of the TDEF has been estimated to be around 80 species, and in certain areas the trees provide valuable roosting sites for water birds at night. The bird population is made up of residents, who stay through out the year, and migrants who arrive with the rains and who often take advantage of the burgeoning insect population that is concurrent with the monsoon.

Less glamorous, but perhaps more important to the healthy functioning of an ecosystem is the insect population, and the other microfauna found within the leaf litter and humus layer. Little is known about these animals, but simple observations indicate a wealth that is yet to be studied. For example in the leaf litter of an undisturbed forest in a sacred grove, from an area of one square meter, 5 species of spiders, 2 species of roaches, 2 species of ants, a bug and a cricket were found, all accounting for 368 individual specimens!

The Forest and People: The forests of the region have been intimately connected to humans for countless centuries. Prior to Roman times, when trade was exchanged with the coastal communities, civilization has been recorded in the area. And even before these times the coastal area would have attracted fishermen and the light sandy soils would have been accessible to primitive agricultural tools and crops.

During the last two hundred years, these forests have been treated as a harvestable resource, and this has lead to their degradation. However, even in today’s highly degraded state, they still remain a vast repository of natural resources. It has been recorded that almost all the local species have a use. Four hundred species of trees, shrubs and herbs are utilized in traditional medicine practiced by the villagers, from householders and midwives, to specialists treating bone fractures, poisonous bites and eye ailments.

In India, modern medical health systems can only offer primary health care for up to 30% of the rural population. Plant based indigenous health systems can help with providing real health security as they are very much alive and are evolving and adapting to modern needs. This information on bio-resource use represents a valuable record for posterity and also a phenomenal bank of information that can be drawn upon to resolve current predicaments.

As well as providing possibilities for the material and medical needs of the population, the forest also provides for the spiritual. In fact the only pristine areas of forest left are found around temples as sacred groves. The temples are often dedicated to the god Iyanar, and although all of these groves are suffering from disturbance within by pilgrims and at the edges from surrounding farmers, they still provide a setting for many stories that are told concerning the past.

The Future of the Forest

The possibility to conserve, protect and actually restore the Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest still exists today. Work has been carried out researching the forest, establishing which species exist to make up the matrix of the mature forest, collecting information as to when each species flowers and fruits, and developing techniques to germinate and raise the species in nurseries to plant out either as enrichment plantings in already existing forest, or to rehabilitate bare and barren land.

The next step needs to be taken, but still many questions need to be addressed. The future of this forest is dependent upon the local population rediscovering the respect that was once held for the forest and recognizing the role that it can play in the needs and necessities of today’s ever changing society. We need to work within these areas to ensure that the basic needs of the people are taken care for and to help to strengthen the community so that they can take care of the forest themselves.

In Sadhana Forest:

A unique characteristic of Sadhana Forest is the existence there of one of the few remaining sacred groves, and this contains original TDEF species. Through environmentally conscious and sustainable reafforestation practices, work is being done to expand this area and restore the indigenous growth.

At the same time we are replacing the earlier-planted exotic species, such as acacias from Australia, with TDEF. Since the beginning of the project, over 20,500 trees have been planted, the majority of which have survived and are showing slow but steady growth. Since its inception a little over 5 years ago, Sadhana Forest has replanted with TDEF species on over 30% of its land.

Meanwhile, free educational workshops are being run with the purpose of informing people about the history of the land, of its former devastation, and the ecological steps being taken to replant and restore it. The whole process of creating a viable Sadhana Forest may take some 20-30 years.